Scheduling of EV Charging in Grid-Connected Parking Lots with Renewable Sources

The growing concern about environmental issues is leading many countries to take measures that allow a more rational energy usage and for a more sustainable future. The improvement of systems e�ciency and the use of renewable sources are some points to work on to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. That is why electric mobility is drawing the attention of companies, countries and research groups, as an important measure to face the negative consequences derived from the current energy usage. It is clear that the inclusion of electric vehicles will strongly a�ect the operation, management, and planning of current electric power systems. Firstly, an additional load will have to be considered, the electric vehicles charging. In an initial stage, when the deployment of electric vehicles is not signi�cant, special measures will not be required. However, in the future with thousands of vehicles in operation, ad-hoc electric vehicle charging can lead to line congestion or voltage limits violation. Moreover, an update of the current electric power systems regarding more advanced information and communication technologies, better metering devices, as well as the presence of more renewable sources are required for the suitable integration of electric vehicles. The increasing number of electric vehicles (EV) means there is a growing need for charging stations as well. A potential solution to address the need for charging stations is to transform traditional parking lots into smart parking lots. Due to the inherently complex and dynamic environment, a potential obstacle, from a business perspective to the process of transforming parking lots into smart parking lots is the complexity of estimating the pro�t of the smart parking lots owner and, consequently, the length of time required to recover the cost of the initial investment. We propose a simulation approach to estimate the smart parking lot owners pro�t during a certain period of time. Thus, this thesis is intended to cover the problem of signi�cant increase in electric vehicles arriving at the parking lot leading to a challenge for scheduling of vehicles for charging. The primary objective of parking lot owner is to charge more vehicles and increase pro�t. But due to stringent rules from regulators for network upgrades, increase in the number of charging slots is challenging. Installing a distributed generation like solar microgrid will bene�t from allowing many vehicles to charge at the parking lot. This thesis aims in proposing an algorithm called parking lot management system (PLMS) and charging management system (CMS) for scheduling of electric vehicles with the support of solar generation with the objective of minimizing the power drawl from the grid during high peak pricing period. Power drawl from the grid is reduced by using the solar power available. Since the power drawl from the grid is reduced, it is obvious that the pro�t of the parking lot owner is increased. scheduling is done by shifting the cars to the abundant solar power period and reducing the peaks on the grid which helps the utility operator. The proposed algorithm is simulated using MATLAB programming, and the results are presented

Identification of Surface Defects on Solar PV Panels and Wind Turbine Blades using Attention based Deep Learning Model

According to Global Electricity Review 2022, electricity generation from renewable energy sources has increased by 20% worldwide primarily due to more installation of large green power plants. Monitoring the renewable energy assets in those large power plants is still challenging as the assets are highly impacted by several environmental factors, resulting in issues like less power generation, malfunctioning, and degradation of asset life. Therefore, detecting the surface defects on the renewable energy assets would facilitate the process to maintain the safety and efficiency of the green power plants. An innovative detection framework is proposed to achieve an economical renewable energy asset surface monitoring system. First capture the asset's high-resolution images on a regular basis and inspect them to detect the damages. For inspection this paper presents a unified deep learning-based image inspection model which analyzes the captured images to identify the surface or structural damages on the various renewable energy assets in large power plants. We use the Vision Transformer (ViT), the latest developed deep-learning model in computer vision, to detect the damages on solar panels and wind turbine blades and classify the type of defect to suggest the preventive measures. With the ViT model, we have achieved above 97% accuracy for both the assets, which outperforms the benchmark classification models for the input images of varied modalities taken from publicly available sources

A Resilient Power Distribution System using P2P Energy Sharing

The adoption of distributed energy resources (DERs) such as solar panels and wind turbines is transforming the traditional energy grid into a more decentralized system, where microgrids are emerging as a key concept. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy sharing in microgrids enhances the efficiency and flexibility of the overall system by allowing the exchange of surplus energy and better management of energy resources. This work analyzes the impact of P2P energy sharing for three cases - within a microgrid, with neighboring microgrids, and all microgrids combined together in a distribution system. A standard IEEE 123 node test feeder integrated with renewable energy sources is partitioned into microgrids. For P2P energy sharing between microgrids, the results show significant benefits in cost, reduced energy dependence on the grid, and a significant improvement in the system's resilience. We also predicted the energy requirement for a microgrid to evaluate energy resilience for the control and operation of the microgrid. Overall, the analysis provides valuable insights into the performance and sustainability of microgrids with P2P energy sharing.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2212.0231

Advancements in Enhancing Resilience of Electrical Distribution Systems: A Review on Frameworks, Metrics, and Technological Innovations

This comprehensive review paper explores power system resilience, emphasizing its evolution, comparison with reliability, and conducting a thorough analysis of the definition and characteristics of resilience. The paper presents the resilience frameworks and the application of quantitative power system resilience metrics to assess and quantify resilience. Additionally, it investigates the relevance of complex network theory in the context of power system resilience. An integral part of this review involves examining the incorporation of data-driven techniques in enhancing power system resilience. This includes the role of data-driven methods in enhancing power system resilience and predictive analytics. Further, the paper explores the recent techniques employed for resilience enhancement, which includes planning and operational techniques. Also, a detailed explanation of microgrid (MG) deployment, renewable energy integration, and peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading in fortifying power systems against disruptions is provided. An analysis of existing research gaps and challenges is discussed for future directions toward improvements in power system resilience. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of power system resilience is provided, which helps in improving the ability of distribution systems to withstand and recover from extreme events and disruptions

Modelling of the Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure as Cyber Physical Power Systems: A Review on Components, Standards, Vulnerabilities and Attacks

The increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs) has led to the growing need to establish EV charging infrastructures (EVCIs) with fast charging capabilities to reduce congestion at the EV charging stations (EVCS) and also provide alternative solutions for EV owners without residential charging facilities. The EV charging stations are broadly classified based on i) where the charging equipment is located - on-board and off-board charging stations, and ii) the type of current and power levels - AC and DC charging stations. The DC charging stations are further classified into fast and extreme fast charging stations. This article focuses mainly on several components that model the EVCI as a cyberphysical system (CPS)

Reduction in loss of life of transformer with demand response

Power distribution transformer is one of the key asset to be managed by the utility. Ageing of transformers causes operational and financial burden on the utility. Excessive temperature is the primary cause of ageing of the transformer. Traditionally, utilities resort to load shedding in-order to save the transformer during high temperature periods. Instead, the concept of demand response can be used to maintain the transformer temperature at the same time considering the requirements of the load. In this paper we demonstrate how demand response can positively effect the life of the transformer. The practical load data from a section of IITH campus has been used, which is supplied by a single 500 KVA 11kV/440 V transformer. The results show the reduction in hottest spot temperature and reduction in loss of life of transformer. The simulation was carried out for a duration of 3 days, during which 3 demand response events occurred resulting in reduction in hottest spot temperature from 90 degrees to 80 degrees and reduction in loss of life of transformer from 35.3 hours to 19.8 hours. These results illustrate the benefit of demand response in improving the life of transformers without resorting to load shedding

Bibliography of open data on Indian power sector: Part 2: Regulations, standards, and smart grids

In the fast evolving world of information age, the value of open data is being recognized around the world. The information and communication technologies are making it easier to collect and store data. The consequent use of this data is leading to smartness in the respective sectors. Since power infrastructure is critical for national security, the availability and access to data is one of the hurdle for researchers in power sector. However, due to paradigm shift in Government's view of open data, paired with advancements in technology proactive dissemination of data on various sectors in India, including power sector, has become a reality. Thus this two part paper attempts to compile a bibliography of all such data sources, to the extent possible, pertaining to power sector of India. Part 1 covers the electrical systems operations and markets. Part 2 covers the regulations, standards and smart grids. It is believed that this will help all the stakeholders including researchers in knowing what kind of data is available and possibly give them new ideas in applying this data in their respective research. This paper organises the data sources into various domains and also discusses recent developments in the open data movement across the world and how Indian power sector can be benefited from the same

Reducing the Ageing of Transformer using Demand Responsive HVAC

With growing tendency towards larger buildings, aggregation at the building level has become a natural choice of energy management strategy. The distribution transformer is gradually moving into the purview of building managers. As a consequence transformer has its own role of playing as an agent in the energy management strategy. One of the major concern with the transformer is its ageing effect. Transformer ageing causes financial losses for the transformer asset owner,whereas utility will face the problem of operational losses. Temperature rise is the primary reason for ageing of transformer. Traditionally load shed is the option for high temperature rise in transformer. Since then the evolution of demand response concept in smart grids, it is used as one of the solution for peak load shaving. In this paper an algorithm is proposed for reducing the temperature rise in transformer using the demand response (DR) event. In this paper heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) load is considered as the flexible demand response (DR) load. HVAC load is controlled by temperature setting which is done using a smart thermostat. Temperature setting value of HVAC is decided based on temperature rise and indoor temperature. Proposed algorithm is simulated using MATLAB programming and the results are presented. Results show a reduction in temperature rise of transformer. The simulation is carried for 3 days and it is observed that the reduction in loss of life from 254 hrs to 48.6 h r s. These results explains the benefit of using demand responsive HVAC in increasing the life time of a transformer without load shedding which inherently improves the reliability of supply

Bibliography of open data on Indian power sector: Part 1: Electrical systems, operations and markets

In the fast evolving world of information age, the value of open data is being recognized around the world. The information and communication technologies are making it easier to collect and store data. The consequent use of this data is leading to smartness in the respective sectors. Since power infrastructure is critical for national security, the availability and access to data is one of the hurdle for researchers in power sector. However, due to paradigm shift in Government's view of open data, paired with advancements in technology proactive dissemination of data on various sectors in India, including power sector, has become a reality. Thus this two part paper attempts to compile a bibliography of all such data sources, to the extent possible, pertaining to power sector of India. Part 1 covers the electrical systems operations and markets. Part 2 covers the regulations, standards and smart grids. It is believed that this will help all the stakeholders including researchers in knowing what kind of data is available and possibly give them new ideas in applying this data in their respective research. This paper organizes the data sources into various domains and also discusses recent developments in the open data movement across the world and how Indian power sector can be benefited from the same

Survey on Smart City Frameworks

In view of the global trend of growing urbanization, especially in the developing countries, the concept of smart cities is becoming critical in framing the thinking of policy makers, government officials, decision makers, local authorities and general public. On the other hand, Smart Cities have already become a reality in many parts of the developed world. In this context, this paper surveys the existing frameworks for smart cities to provide a guideline for formulating frameworks for smart cities in the developing countries. The contributions of this paper are twofold. (1) survey and analysis of some of the prominent smart city frameworks, (2) brief review of ongoing initiatives for the development of smart cities in India. It is observed that, certain modifications are needed to map the existing frameworks to suit the requirements of specific cities, on a case to case basis